Alpine goat color. She produced 1,600 lbs.
Alpine goat color The Alpine goat is a breed of domestic goat (or Capra hircus) originating in the French Alps, found Mar 16, 2020 · Alpine Goat Facts The special characteristics of Alpine goats are listed below; These are medium to large-sized goats. 3% fat, and 2. They are usually black in color with white Swiss markings. Still the most popular breed in France and 301 Moved Permanently Alpine goats, sometimes referred to as the Alpine Dairy, are hardy medium-sized milking goats. [ADGA averages for 2010 lactations: 2396 lbs milk, 3. Kanzi has both Gabby and Josie twice each in her lineage, most recently as her granddams. Oct 20, 2024 · Alpine. … The French Alpine goat typically has a more varied color palette, ranging from black to white, and even a combination of shades. Learn. Jun 28, 2022 · It may be small—only roughly halfway in size between the Nigerian dwarf goat, which is the smallest dairy goat breed that averages 75 pounds, and an Alpine goat, which averages between 135-170 Dec 3, 2023 · Factors Affecting Goat Coat Color. Alpine goats were developed as a dairy breed with a high yield of milk per animal and are adapted to the They are popular with dairies due to the amount of milk they produce and they are recognized as the leading dairy goat breed for milk production. Physical Traits of Alpine Goats May 27, 2024 · Most alpine goats are generally one base color with either white or black patches that match their labeled pattern. Check them out right here. The Alpine goat is a breed of domestic goat known for its excellent ability to produce milk. Hair – Short to medium length hair with different colors like gray, brown, black, red, or various shadings. Alpine Origin - Alps of Switzerland. tall and weigh at least 120 lbs. Jun 12, 2024 · You can get an Alpine for anywhere from $100 to $500, and you should expect to spend more on animals coming from prestigious lineages or expert breeders. [5] The American Dairy Goat Association faults all-white and Toggenburg patterned individuals. They have tall, slightly curved horns and erect ears. 3% Alpine THE BREED STANDARDS The Alpine is a French breed that is medium to large in size, with upright ears, and a variety of colors. Alpine goats are incredibly versatile, offering a wide range of uses. They have been bred for size and production instead of color preferences; therefore no specific color has been established. They are recognized for their sturdy build and adaptability to mountainous terrains, allowing them to thrive in diverse climates. Aug 21, 2012 · The Alpine dairy goat is also referred to as the French Alpine and registration papers for this dairy goat use both designations and they are synonymous. Kanzi is very angular, with clean flat bone and a really pretty shoulder All in all, alpine goats are a low-allergen option with minimal shedding, making them a fantastic choice for those with sensitivities to traditional goat breeds. 2022 American Alpine This elegant doe's pedigree is as interesting as it is sentimental to us. A turning point for goats in America came in 1904. Alpine Goat - Online Color Tools - PhotoKit. Originating from all over the Alps, in France, Switzerland, Italy and other places, Alpine goats have become one of the most ubiquitous breeds in the world. Dec 15, 2022 · Cross breeding produced a common American goat. The square color palette of Alpine Goat contains three additional colors. Mature goats are medium-sized. Some special care and management for Alpine goats are described shortly below. British Alpine goats are commonly referred to as “Alpine goats” within the UK and other regions. The French-alpine is also referred to as the Alpine Dairy goat and registration papers for this dairy goat use both designations and they are synonymous. These Alpines were purebred, but not registered, so we began the process of using the ADGA recordation system and this is the primary reason why the Redwood Hill Farm Alpine herd has always been predominately American. The Alpine goat is a medium to large sized goat breed that has no set markings or colors (although there are certain markings that are discriminated against). Buyer protection guaranteed on all purchases. Alpine goats for sale. The solid black coloring is only accepted in Hmm but if breed standards were so important, why did they add albinism and leucistic to the Alpine goat? Those genes don't exist in the domestic dairy goat. See the differences here. Where to Get Alpine Goats of Your Very Own. 0 'Time Off - Alpine Snow Black' and other curated styles from Puma on GOAT. Average height of male alpine goats is 81 cm and female alpine goats is 76 cm. Color space information Alpine Goat Color | f1f2f8. Saanen. People who care for goats and farms find them very valuable. The breed had a good start there as the imports consisted of 19 does and 3 bucks. P. What colors are dominant in Nov 24, 2020 · These correct type dairy goat color prints are available for Alpine, Guernsey, LaMancha, Nigerian Dwarf, Nubian, Oberhasli, Saanen, Sable and Toggenburg breeds. This makes them a great choice for breeding or growing your goat herd. Alpine goats are an excellent choice for those needing a robust, dependable dairy animal. Ears are erect upward and have horns on their heads. 9%, 97. They are instantly recognizable, at the average size and weight of a typical goat. The Swiss Alpine goat, also known as the Oberhasli goat, is a versatile breed with a rich history and various uses. The Alpine goat is a medium to large-sized breed, which comes in a variety of color patterns, including gray, brown, black, and combinations thereof. PhotoKit Online Color Tools: Alpine Goat (hex:#f1f2f8) RGB, HSL, HEX, HSB, CYMK, CIELab code value. Feb 19, 2013 · It may just be that the ones I have are mostly from that color of goat, but I think it is more of a traditional Alpine color. 6 days ago · 1 polled Alpine buck- 3yrs old & throws color. They have a straight profile, erect ears, and a sturdy, well-proportioned build. The straight or slightly dished face and fine, narrow, erect ears gives it a clean appearance. Sep 14, 2023 · Alpine goats graze on organic pastures, contributing to a closed-loop system that minimizes the use of synthetic fertilizers and promotes sustainable agricultural practices. This goat is black with white Swiss markings and has been developed in the UK. #f1f2f8 square combo is a palette of cool blue, warm magenta, warm yellow and cool green shades that work together well. Alpines are no exception, with their season lasting from July-January. Learn about the different terms and combinations of colors used to describe Alpine goats, such as cou blanc, cou clair, cou noir, sundgau, pied, chamoisee, and more. [2] Alpines goats originated in the French Alps. Mature does weigh around 61 kg (135 lbs), and are about 76 cm (30 in) tall at the shoulder. Color patterns in the Alpine are often referred to by French names: sundgau (black with white facial stripes, white below knees and hocks, white on either side of the tail), May 18, 2020 · Alpine does are at least 30 inches tall and weigh 135 pounds while bucks are at least 32 inches tall and weigh 170 pounds. Alpine colors (pictures used with permission from the Alpines international club website) are described by using the following terms: Aug 26, 2024 · Special Care For Raising Alpine Goats. What is a mini alpine goat? Mini alpine goats are a new and rather experimental breed that has been produced for hobby farms. Males often have long hair along their spine and more pronounced beards. Jul 1, 2023 · The Alpine is a medium to large sized dairy goat with upright ears and a medium to short hair coat. Products and Uses of Alpine Goats. Mating Season. The breed originated in the French Alps. In 1915 a wild Alpine-type goat was taken from the Guadeloupe Islands. Cheesemaker milk genetics for your homestead. [4] Good nutrition, proper milking procedures, reproductive management, and disease control are also factors that contribute to milk production of the Alpine Goat. I am simply sharing what the goats would be considered on a technical level. Hair - Short to medium length hair with colors that may range from pure white through shades of fawn, gray, brown, black, red, bluff, piebald, or various shadings or combinations of these colors. Apr 25, 2022 · Reading Time: 7 minutes The Alpine is a dairy goat of international renown, present in commercial systems worldwide. Thus, complementary Spring Wood, Soft Peach, and Saltpan split by 90° on the color wheel. These goats are medium to large in size, with bucks weighing around 170-190 pounds and does around 130-160 pounds. Alpine Goats, also known as French Alpine Dairy Goats, are a breed of dairy goat originating in the Alps. American Alpines are a standard sized breed of dairy goat quite popular in the US. Discover the differences of these color patterns and see examples of Alpine dairy goats from our farm. of milk in 310 days. Does should be at least 32 in. French Alpine goats are known for being very social and friendly. Dec 8, 2024 · Alpine Goat Characteristics. Not only does the high quantity of milk produced by British alpines help to increase dairy production, but the quality of the milk is also excellent. Granted, I'm not complaining, happy to have more colors and patterns and blue eyes lol. Dairy kids and athletic pack goat kids! Sep 1, 2024 · The British Alpine is a breed of goat known for its impressive milk production capabilities. Alpine females are excellent milkers with well-shaped udders and desirable teat shape. The goat’s bones have been carbon dated to around 15 000 years ago. Similar Pantone Color name Information, Color Schemes, Light / Darkshades, Tones, Similar Colors , Preview the color and download Photoshop swatch and solid color background image Selected goat breeds in France and DOM TOM CAPGENES Internet website : http : //www. com Photo Editor May 1, 2023 · There are about 500 breeds worldwide, and while the breeds of goats kept for milk vary throughout the world, nine are generally considered the best milk producers. Shop the Caven 2. 3 days ago · Additionally, the Alpine Goat is one of the most farmed animals all around the globe. The Nigerian Dwarf is an These goats are well-loved for living in tough places like mountains. Most dairy goats are seasonal breeders, meaning they can only be bred during certain times of the year. 76 terms. Although many modern Swiss breeds are technically Alpine dairy goats developed in particular regions of the Alps, the breed known as the Alpine goat or French Alpine goat was initially developed in France. ThomasFarm. This breed can be seen in an assortment of colors and color combinations. The lightest variation of gold which gives a goat a bright white to cream colored coat is referred to as cream. There are actually many different types of Alpine goats available around the world. All modern goats registered as purebred Alpines in the United States are directly descended from these 22 animals. Toggenburg. They are heavy milkers, and their milk is used to make various dairy products such as butter, cheese, soap, and ice cream. Alpine dairy goat color patterns. A breeder's association was formed in 1977, and a herdbook established in the following year. What is a goat’s favorite color? Goats do not have a preference for specific colors, as their visual acuity is not as developed as that of humans. Alpine goats can range from white or gray to brown and black. Compared to Saanen goat milk, Alpine is higher in all nutritional aspects, except the fat content. 25 each or $12. Globally, the estimated total population of Alpine Goats is between 80,000 – 110,00 mature adults. The difference a breed association makes. But sometimes a fully black goat may occur, and the breed is often known as ‘all black‘ or ‘black Saanen goat‘. Sep 27, 2021 · Today it is the most popular milk goat in France. Until then, goats of this type had been known as Swiss Alpine, and interbred with Alpine goats of other types. Are Alpines the Goats for You? Alpine goats are the right ones for you if high-quality, high-protein, low-fat goat milk is what you’re after, and you want a whole lot of it. They are hardy adaptable animals that can thrive in a variety of climates and maintain good health and strong production. For the Alpine goat that number is higher at 135 pounds and produces 2,134 pounds of milk per lactation. Depending on their age, weight, and genetics, they yield 40-70 pounds of tasty meat. She produced 1,600 lbs. The breed can be highly individual in character and tends to be a breed […] This goat is simply a different color, or color pattern, of another standard breed. The Alpine is one of those goat descendants. The British Alpine goat breed was developed in the early 20th century in the United Kingdom. Photo credit: Eponimm/Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3. Colors can vary considerably and can include white, fawn, gray, black, red, etc. French Alpines enjoy being with other goats and show strong bonds. When the white patch on her side showed up, it made sense, and I wondered why I hadn't noticed the band around right rear leg, and white extending down the front left leg, which indicated broken in the first place, without waiting until the patch on her side appeared. tall and weigh at least 150 lbs. They are very suitable for both home and commercial raising. A goat’s color can be the “icing on the cake” of an otherwise good goat, and can be an important final touch to a goat’s appearance. The darkest variation which gives the goat a dark red color is referred to as red. Population In Wild: 460,000 The Alpine goat is a breed of domestic goat (or Capra hircus) originating in the French Alps, found in France, Italy, and Switzerland. capgenes. These 9 x 12 inch color prints may be purchased for $3. History: As its name implies, the lovely Alpine goat has its roots in the Alps, that most famous of European mountain ranges. The breed of this goat is thought to be a Middle Eastern (or then Persian) breed the Pashang. Alpine goats constitute altitude migrants. Aug 14, 2019 · Alpine goats are a dairy breed that originated in the Alps and have various color patterns and markings. Country of Origin – Alpine goat originated in the Alps. Dairy Goat Breeds. Nigerian Dwarf. They are bred both for meat and milk, though more commonly for milk. The hair is medium to short and the face is straight. They are characterized by their docility and adaptability, as they can be used for domestic and industrial purposes and adjust to routine changes and weather variability , which allowed them to Mar 30, 2023 · Despite their lack of set color or markings, the Alpine goat has a special feature setting it apart: its excellent milking ability! The medium to large size breed is known for producing considerable amounts of milk in comparison to other breeds, making them a great choice for those interested in dairy. […] The most common types of alpine goats are French alpine goats, American alpine goats, Rock alpine goats, British alpine goats, and Swiss alpine goats. ! Alpine Goat Traits-at-a-Glance. In conclusion, the advantages of raising Alpine goats are multifaceted. Understanding these factors can provide insights into the fascinating world of goat coat colors. These are hardy, adaptable animals that thrive in any climate Alpine Goat. The overall effect is a most impressive animal when the black coat acquires its summer gloss. Given their lovely array of colors, long production of high-quality milk, and friendly dispositions, it’s no wonder the Alpine goat is the second most popular breed in the U. The Alpine dairy goat is a medium to large size animal, alertly graceful, and the only breed with upright ears that offers all colors and combinations of colors giving them distinction and Sep 19, 2024 · When you have more than one goat, they will do much of their socialization with each other. 3 Alpine Does (1 is polled)- all 1yr old. The British Alpine is a British breed of dairy goat bred in the early twentieth century. Nubian. The hair is medium to short and the bridge of the nose is straight. American Alpine goats developed from crossing the original French lines with common local goats that had originated from Swiss, Spanish, and Austrian imports in the 17 th century. These animals have erect ears, a straight profile and horns. This medium to large-sized breed of domestic goat is known for its strong milking ability and originated in the French Alps. There are four requirements that need to be efficient for optimal dairy Oct 10, 2024 · These goats are also called French goats, French Alpine goats or “Alpine Polychrome” referring to the great variety of colors that this breed exhibits. The Pashang (also known as the Bezoar) is said to be the forefather of most of the European goat breeds found today. [6] American Alpine Dairy Goat. The doe weighs 135 pounds or more and a mature buck weighs 170 pounds or more. They have erect ears and come in many colors and color combinations. The various colors are given French names but color patterns are fine to use. Guernsey. Italy had 6,237 goats, while Austria had 2,526-3,000. But, yes, Alpine breeders call it a two toned Cham. Alpine. The breed is characterized by its long ears which may be either straight or slightly curved Near Llanfachraeth, on Anglesey. S. Images. It is black with white Swiss markings on the face. 8% protein] There are several typical color patterns: Cou blanc - white neck and shoulders with glossy black hind quarters At birth, this doe appeared to be a simple two-tone chamoisee. Other sets by Color space information Alpine Goat ( similar ) Color | f5f6fa. Dec 14, 2015 · Alpine goats are a breed of goats originating in the Alps that are also known as French-Alpine goats. He has raised goats over the years, been involved with 4-H (as a young boy) and currently resides in Colorado where he and his wife Pam raise a few breeds of goats and other animals, and primarily author the GoatWorld web site to continue to inform, educate Hex Hex code for this color #f1f2f8; Name The common name of this color Alpine Goat; RGB Red, Green, Blue composition for this color 241, 242, 248; RGB Percent Percent Red, Green, Blue composition for this color 94. Alpine goats can vary in color, ranging from white or gray to brown and black. Anecdotally, goats can become somewhat jealous of each other, especially when they live close to their people. Talking about weight, male Alpine goats weigh 77kg whereas female alpine goats weigh 61kg. As she grew, it became evident that something more was going on. Alpine dairy goats come in many different color patterns with fancy French names (since the original Alpines are French Alpines). Similar Pantone Color name Information, Color Schemes, Light / Darkshades, Tones, Similar Colors , Preview the color and download Photoshop swatch and solid color background image The Alpine is one of those goat descendants. Similar Pantone Color name Information, Color Schemes, Light / Darkshades, Tones, Similar Colors, Preview the color and download Photoshop swatch and solid color background image Alpine goats are friendly and highly curious, however they can be independent and strong-willed. Cou Clair (coo clair) – “clear neck” – front quarters are tan, saffron, off-white, or shading to gray with back hindquarters. These included Saanen, Alpine, Nubian, Sable, Toggenburg, La Mancha, Oberhasli, Golden Guernsey, and (in the United States) the Nigerian Dwarf Goat. Cost of Ownership The cost of ownership for Alpines includes initial expenses such as purchasing the goats, which can range from $100 to $300 per goat, depending on pedigree and quality. Scientific Name and Species. Aug 26, 2024 · British Alpine Goat Characteristics. They are quite hardy and can adapt to any climate, maintaining superior production and good health. The goat should be rangy with a short fine coat. Alpine goats also cannot have blue eyes per the breed standard. ·Broken Chamoisee - a solid chamoisee broken with another color by Fun Fact: Alpine goats can have many babies at once. Cou Clair ("clear neck"): Front quarters could be saffron, tan, off-white, or gray. Jul 1, 2023 · The Alpine dairy goat is a medium to large size animal, alertly graceful, and the only breed with upright ears that offers all colors and combinations of colors giving them distinction and individuality. $650 for all. Alpine dairy goats come in many different color patterns with fancy French names since the original Alpines are French Alpines. Alpines were shown at the World’s Fair in America in 1904. Other classifications of this goat came about in the early 1900s, including the American Alpine, the Rock Alpine, the British Alpine, and the Swiss Alpine, also called the Oberhasli. American Goat Society. Known for its milk, the Alpine goat is famous for its rich dairy production. Originating from the Swiss Alps, this breed is known for its exceptional dairy production, sturdy pack animal capabilities, and distinctive coat colors. 00 for the set. [emoji4] Apr 12, 2024 · Alpine goats, in good condition with good nutrition and given proper care, can live quite a long time, anywhere from 15 to 18 years. Trained wethers can serve as sturdy pack animals. Adaptable to any climate. . The foundation stock included a nanny with this colouration acquired in Paris in 1903 and goats of other breeds, probably including the Swiss Grisons Striped and Toggenburg and the now-extinct Sundgau of Alsace, as well as Characterized as friendly and curious by their keepers, these goats can make terrific pets, show animals, and brush-eaters. Sponenberg, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 The wide range of colors and patterns in goats is part of what makes them so fascinating. Alpine goats average 30-40 inches at the withers, or shoulders, and weigh 135-170 lbs. Each of these factors plays a role in determining the coloration and patterns seen in goat coats. Nov 11, 2024 · French-Alpine females are excellent milkers and usually have large, well-shaped udders with well-placed teats of desirable shape. The American Alpine dates to 1922, when a group of goat aficionados imported a herd of twenty-one French Alpines, which were subsequently crossed with other varieties to produce a slightly larger animal. Type – Dairy breed. Aug 29, 2023 · The second doe would be considered a Cou Clair/Cham combo technically. Breeding Alpine Goats 1. Colors typically range from tan through black. Flashcards. The Mini-Alpine is an alert, gracefully hardy, animal that adapts and thrives in any climate while maintaining good health and excellent production. The most common types are American Alpine, British Alpine, French Alpine, Rock Alpine, and Swiss Alpine goats. They are great for meat. She is also polled and happens to be a Cou Noir color, which you don't see commonly. 20. Sable. Feb 3, 2023 · Alpine Goat Description. Alpine colors are described by using the following terms: Cou Blanc - (coo blanc) literally "white neck" - white front quarters and black hindquarters with black or gray markings on the head. [3] ©D. Jul 25, 2023 · 19. Scientific Name: Capra aegagrus hircus; Species: Domestic goat; Breed History and Origin. Physical Description. Essentially half of the total population resides in British Columbia, which is home to roughly 50,000 goats. I have a light chamoisee doe that was bred to my mostly black buck, one kid was a two-toned chamoise and the other is a light chamoisee like the mom. The breed’s color pattern is called chamoisée, although in some cases, due to a recessive gene, an Oberhasli goat’s coat can be pure black. Alpine Goat Colors and Markings. Gold kids occasionally can be somewhat of a challenge to identify. They’re also smart and learn quickly, making them great companions. Type - Dairy breed. The Sable goat breed is the result of a play of genetics; the combination of recessive genes from the dam and the sire. Mar 14, 2024 · Shop the Palermo 'Alpine Snow' and other curated styles from Puma on GOAT. To get better production and keep the goats healthy you need to take care of your goat very carefully. Join us to learn more. They come from France, Switzerland and Italy and have been bred for hundreds of years to produce fine quality milk. When caring for French Alpine goats, it’s key to remember they love company. The French Alpines are larger and slenderer than the Swiss Alpine goats. If goats think another one is favored, they may become moderately aggressive. In the books, a photo of a Sable goat does not do justice to its complex color patterns. Alpine colors are described by using the following terms: Cou Blanc (coo blanc) – “white neck” –white front quarters and black hindquarters with back or gray markings on the head. Oberhasli. About the author: Gary Pfalzbot is a Service Connected Disabled Veteran and the web master of GoatWorld as well as some other web sites. Over time, crossbreeding of French Alpines with various breeds of goat produced the American Alpine, a sub-type of the Alpine dairy goat. Alpine goats are not only known for their milk production and adaptability but also for their wide range of colors The Alpine Dairy Goat is also referred to as the French Alpine and registration papers for this dairy goat use both designations and they are synonymous. Alpine goats are commonly employed in commercial dairy production as well as on homesteads. Bucks are at least 34 in. Goat coat color is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, diet, environment, and health. Raising Alpine goats are very easy and pleasuring. The Alpine dairy goat is a medium to large size animal, alertly graceful, and the only breed with upright ears that offers all colors and combinations of colors giving them distinction and The Alpine Goat (Capra hircus) is a mid-sized European ungulate featured in the Barnyard Animal Pack DLC for Planet Zoo. All purebred members of the breed descend from five Chamois Colored Goats imported to the United States in 1936. Alpine goats, Suin, Saône-et-Loire, France. These crosses The Alpine Dairy Goat is also referred to as the French Alpine and registration papers for this dairy goat use both designations and they are synonymous. 8 terms. All were bottle raised and very in your pocket. They like being around people and show interest in humans. Like all goats, Alpines are social creatures, so consider buying a pair of them to keep each other company. The typical color patterns of Alpine goats are as follows: Cou Blanc ("white neck"): White front quarters, black hindquarters, and gray or black markings on the head. 0. Excellent Dec 5, 2022 · Alert and graceful, the Alpines are a domestic breed of medium- to large-sized dairy goats known for their outstanding milk output, mild temperament, and long lactation period. On average, a British alpine goat can produce up to 6 liters of milk daily, sometimes more. About 13,000 Chamois goats were in Switzerland, showing their importance there. Rachel_Kaufman1. The typical, tan colored coat is called gold. Just keep in mind that what you put in the color description box may vary, as the ADGA does not care about accuracy or genetic terms. Echo Light Farms is a prestigious ADGA and AIC (Alpines International Club) accredited breeder of Alpine dairy goats. The Redwood Hill Farm Alpine goat herd started in the 1960’s when the Bice family bought the Mari-Jo herd and dairy. 21. Info and photos of Alpine color patters: http://goa Color space information Alpine Goat (similar) Color | f2f3f8. com Agropole - 2135, Route de Chauvigny - 86550 Mignaloux Beauvoir - Tel : +33 (0)5 49 56 10 75 - Fax : +33 (0)5 49 56 46 53 The focus of breeding Alpine goats has been on their size and milk production rather than their color patterns. The Alpine dairy goat is a medium to large size animal, alertly graceful, with erect ears, offering all colors and combinations of colors with distinction and individuality of appearance. Carl Hagenbeck imported two Schwarzwald Alpine goats from the Black Forest of Germany. LaMancha. This years kids ready for your homestead. Dairy Goat Quiz #6. Having multiple goats can lead to its own set of problems, however. Dec 31, 2023 · The Alpine goat, also known as the French Alpine, is a versatile and popular breed known for its adaptability to various climates and its excellent milk production. 5%, 94. Alpine goats range from entirely white to shades of gray, brown, black, red, and other varieties. Why is my black goat turning red? Changes in coat color in goats can be influenced by various factors, including genetics, sunlight exposure, and nutrition. May 1, 2017 · Alpine dairy goats come in many different color patterns with fancy French names since the original Alpines are French Alpines. British Alpine goat is a very beautiful animal and is quite a large goat in appearance. In France, over half a million alpine goats with chamois colors help with breeding. According to goat-related health books and publications, the color patterns of the Sable goat breed can be quite complex. giap xbkq toyraide hgpnt oysutdc kqhhkp cspa evgtlxs qpdkq wtbo